[Original] Scientific understanding of ＂science＂ -the detail of the term ＂science＂, history, and present

　 　 　 　 　 　 　　

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If you want to talk about “science” carefully with everyone, first of all, I explore the inherent needs of building our own psychology- “Dragon Psychology”.

Because the dragon’s psychology was discovered and sorted on the basis of the Chinese pre -Qin classic classics and cultural thoughts, and ancient Chinese culture was the sages of ancient Chinese generations.This is very different from Western psychology based on experiments.And Western psychology is called “scientific psychology”, so many people asked me: “Teacher Gao, is the dragon psychology scientific?” So, before I talk about dragon psychology, I need to clarify with everyone to clarify everyone.What is “science” so that everyone has a scientific understanding of the term “science”.The title of “Science” is born naturally.

5500 light -year cat palm nebula released by scientists (derive from the Internet)

Secondly, there is an important promotional factor in talking about this topic, which is a so -called “popular science” video called “What is Science” spread online.

This video is a lecture made by Professor Zhang Shuangnan, a researcher at the Institute of High -Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, director of the Key Laboratory of particle Accessories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.The background of this speech is the debate between Professor Zhang and Professor Sun Xiaochun about “whether the yin and yang five elements are science”.

Many people have heard Professor Zhang’s “popularity” after the popularity, and suddenly discovered that there are too few things that belong to “science”, and there are too many knowledge that do not belong to “science”, and there are many who do not belong to “science”.nice one.This completely subverts our past understanding of “science”, so many people’s understanding of science is even more confused!

In fact, Professor Zhang Shuangnan greatly reduced the connotation and extension of the term “science”, and raised the specific methods of studying some specific disciplines to universal “scientific standards”, and then expelled the disciplines that were not suitable for this method.The scope of “science”.This kind of thinking and practices introduced “science” into a small circle, which has deviated from the mainstream and moved to an extreme.

Therefore, it is comprehensively and systematically introduced how the term “science” comes from, explaining what it refers to, what changes in its connotation and extension in the historical development process, and different people say that “science” expressionWhat does it mean to make more people understand “science” from the perspective of “science”. It is also necessary and important.So, I shared the knowledge of “science” that I was just facing my students. I hope you can benefit from it, and then share it with your friends and relatives to let more people understand science and science science, science and science”Science”.

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The term “science” is of course a Chinese vocabulary.rootAccording to the research of the professor of the Department of Philosophy of Peking University,In Chinese text records, the term “science” first appeared in an article entitled “Bailang Middle Epis.” in the late Tang Dynasty.Modern Science House has Bai’s Warehouse Department“The Southern Song thinker and writer Chen Liang also mentioned in the article” Section of Gao Chu Book of Uncle Ancestors “:” The self -science is popular, and the scholars are often trapped in the day of the day, and even the old deathEither or not.”The” science “of these two places refers to the” imperial examinations. “

According to the interpretation of “Speaking of the Words”, the subject is the word of meaning.Therefore, the term “science” means “measuring learning”.In ancient times, the test of the & qi was called the “imperial examinations”, indicating that the ancient Chinese believed that the imperial examinations were the way to measure the level of knowledge of participants.

Before and after the Meiji Restoration in Japan, Japanese scholars translated the English vocabulary “Science” with the term “science”; the word in the European language department comes from Latin “Scientia”, which means “knowledge” and “knowledge”.During the end of the Japanese shogunate to the Meiji period, “science” was used to refer to specialized “individual science”, and some used to refer to those “sciences.”

It is added here that in the past in modern times, people know the knowledge obtained by nature, whether through abstract speculation, or through experience observation knowledge, all are included in the category of “natural philosophy”.Later, due to the different research methods, natural science gradually separated from the philosophy of nature, forming an independent discipline.Therefore, research methods are indeed the main factor of discipline separation.

According to Professor Zhou Cheng’s research, the person who first used the “science” in China to use the “science” in China to state his personal insight is Wang Guowei; the “science” who first introduced the “science” to China was Kang Youwei.The popularity of the term “science” in China is not a person’s credit, nor did it suddenly appear at a certain moment, but the spread of countless people. After a long time, it is the result of the accumulation of process accumulation.It can be said that the connotation of the word “science” in the minds of most Chinese people is derived from the extensive publicity of the “new cultural movement” at the beginning of the last century.So, as the initiator of the New Culture Movement, how does Chen Duxiu understand “science”?

In 1920, Chen Duxiu wrote in the article “What is the New Culture Movement?” Published on Volume 7 of “New Youth”?These are the same; the new culture movement is that the old culture is still inadequate, and the new science, religion, morality, literature, art, music, etc. “”The first medicine prescription is “science”.

Chen Duxiu believes: “Science has a wide range of meaning: narrowing refers to natural sciences, and broad sense refers to social sciences. Social science is a method of studying natural sciences, which is used in all social and personnel knowledge, like sociology, Ethics, history, legal science, economics, etc. All those who use natural science methods to study and explain are science; this is science’s biggest effect.Culture made a clear explanation.It can be seen that the science that Chen Duxiu believes is actually a method to study natural science.

In May 1977, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences was established

Mao Zedong said in the “Speech at the National Congress of the Communist Party of China”: “People must analyze and study phenomena in order to understand the nature of things, so they need science.”

The famous poet and writer Liu had such a sentence in “The Hometown of the Sun”: “This tragic situation is not what I can change alone. The fundamental problem is to run education and make people accept science.”

The “science” of these two places refers to the division knowledge system that reflects objective laws that reflects nature, society, thinking.

The 1979 edition of “Ci Hai” explained the word “science”: “Science is a knowledge system about nature, society and thinking.The crystallization of experience “”

So, how does other countries in the world understand “science”?

In 1888, Darwin also defined science: “Science is to sort out the facts, discover the laws, and make conclusions.”The definition of Darwin pointed out the connotation of science, that is, facts and laws.

Science must discover the unknown facts of people, and based on this, seeking truth from facts, rather than a pure thinking that is out of reality.As for the law, it refers to the inevitable connection between the essence of objective things.Therefore, science is based on practical basis, after practical inspection and strict logical demonstration, and the knowledge system of various things and the laws of motion of the world.

France’s “Encyclopedia”: “Science is first different from common sense, science is classified, and science is classified to seek the laws of things. In addition, science reveals the laws of dominating things in order to explain things.”

Former Soviet Union’s “Great Encyclopedia”: Science is a category of human activities. Its function is to summarize the knowledge of the objective world and make it systematic.Including the results of this activity “”

“Introduction to Modern Science and Technology”: “It can be simply said that science is a systematic knowledge that reflects the inherent regularity of objective things.”

Teacher Feng Xinghui “Go into the Dragon Psychology” speech video screenshot

Based on the above information, we will find:

The keywords about science are: facts, summary, laws, systems, knowledge, organizational or conclusions, which are different from common sense.That is to say, the world’s mainstream understanding is that science is a systematic knowledge or academic knowledge from common sense, knowledge or knowledge that reveals the inherent and regularity of things, and does not strictly define scientific research methods.

In fact, although the different research methods have contributed to the separation of natural science from the philosophy of nature, the development of science to today has surpassed its original “discipline” category, and it has formed a watershed in the broad sense of all knowledge.It has become a criterion for evaluation.Now the world’s mainstream understanding is science, isIgnoranceAs well asSuperstition, anti -human, anti -civilizationrelatively,Common sense isdifferent.soAll over the worldPromote science, oppose ignorance, superstition, oppose cults, oppose anti -human and anti -civilization words and deedsEssence

Therefore, whether the research method is distinguished is the standard of “science”, it is the ancestor of academic returns.It is the backstur of historyIt is the negation of the mainstream understanding of science today.

It can also be seen that knowledge or learning is roughlyIt can be divided into three types, one is the law or conclusion that is verified by practice. It is a systematic knowledge that can be used to guide practice.Conscious or experience summary is science;One is common senseThe most basic knowledge;There is also a so -called system knowledge that cannot withstand practical inspections or cannot pass the practice test. It is destined to fail to guide practice, or the development direction of the progress of human civilization is deviating, or it is completely separated from the actual separationThe parallel empty theory is unscientific or pseudo -science.

Take life experience as an example.As the saying goes: “Don’t listen to the old man’s words, you will suffer in front of you.” If you use the “scientific” method of Professor Zhang Shuangnan to verify, a person’s life is obviously not enough. HoweverThe environment, so it can never become science.However, if the lessons and lessons are unscientific, even Professor Zhang will not even agree with Professor Zhang himself.As a result, in order to have a solid knowledge or learning place that was excluded from “science” because of this narrow definition, there can be a foothold.”The concept, claiming:” Those who are not scientific and good, and those who are unscientific are not necessarily bad. “

We see that in this way, the problem has complicated,The so -called “popularization of science“Instead, the people’s understanding of science is more vague and confusing; at the same time, it has also turned science into a professional vocabulary in the professional field, and the distance from ordinary people is far away.This is obviously not conducive to the popularization of science and does not meet the people’s habit of science.

To this day, no one will deny that practice is the only criterion for testing truth.Science can withstand practical tests. No matter what methods are used, as long as the conclusions, the knowledge system or science formed, reveal the law of essence.Scientific, otherwise, is unscientific, or pseudo -science; science is the knowledge or knowledge of systematic system that reflects the inherent laws of things. This is the consensus of most countries and the public in the world.”Science” is basically the same.

Take the core “Tao” of ancient Chinese culture as an example.The Tao is summarized by the ancient Chinese sages. It is the most essential law of things under the perspective of China. Since Confucius, it has also experienced more than 2,500 years of practical tests.The invalidation records; so far we still know that things should follow the “Tao”.Therefore, the Tao is also in line with the main characteristics of science, so it is also science.However, the discovery of “Dao” is different from Western laboratory verification methods.

The research method will be different due to the research object, which is almost a common sense.Therefore, different disciplines will adopt a unique method suitable for the characteristics of the subject itself, which is natural.As long as it meets the scientific purpose and the spirit of science, the method is not the only one, nor is it unchanged.”Logic, quantitative, and empirical” must be used at the same time. Obviously, it is only for the “scientific” methods of certain disciplines, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, particle science, etc., which is not suitable for all disciplines. Therefore, this “Science “method is” discipline science “, which belongs to the” science “of narrow sense, and the broad sense of” science “refers to the” subject of science “.

The term “science” has left a profound impression and impact on the Chinese people since the New Culture Movement, which has greatly improved the scientific literacy of the Chinese people. It has great historical achievements and cannot be tampered with.We should not cut the connotation of “science” as smaller and smaller because the subject is more and more detailed. This will undoubtedly bring cognitive chaos to ordinary people, and it will artificially reorganize a large number of ordinary people.In the scope of not understanding “science”, this is not in line with the law of civilization.

The picture comes from the Internet

In fact, in history, philosophers and scientists often try to propose a sufficient essential definition to what “science” and “scientific methods” are, but there have been great controversy.

In modern times, it aims to use knowledge (theory) and experiments under the premise of rationality and objectively.One of the experiments based on the empiricalism advocated by bacon and Galileo as the pioneer. It believes that science is the study of system knowledge about the world.This is different from art, philosophy, religion, literature and other differences.But this is just a branch of modern science, not all science. The research of philosophy, art, and religion also belongs to the science category.In modern science, the research on the existence of human thinking is also included in the science category, which is called “thinking science”.

Let’s not talk about the controversy abroad. In China alone, Professor Zhang Shuangnan and Professor Sun Xiaochun argued that the “Yin and Yang Five Elements” was scientific.For “He Pang’s dispute”; two professors of Wang Xinyu and Yu Jincheng have also argued on whether the humanities are science.

Looking back on these disputes, it is closely related to the understanding of the concept of “science”; it is necessary to correctly understand “science” to judge the nature of a certain or certain subject, and to first correctly understand what “discipline” is “subject”.Essence

The definition of disciplines is not completely unified, but the core meaning of the same consistent now is: “relatively independent knowledge system.”Since it has become an independent discipline, this research must be for the purpose of science and the spirit of science.Who can say that people who study philosophy, art, and religion do not use scientific thinking and scientific methods, and do not follow the spirit of science for the purpose of science?Who can say that researchers of philosophy, art, and religion are people who do not believe in science?It’s just that the research objects and research methods are different!Understand the discipline and understand the connotation and extension of science.Let’s talk about science againIt’s much easier.

Historical experience tells us that it is not only different disciplines, evenIn the same “discipline”, the research method may also be different. For example, Freud’s study of neurosis patients and mental patients used a completely different method from other doctors -psychoanalysis, and thus laid the modern psychologyOne of the pillar theories.Therefore, the use of specific research methods as the basis for determining whether it is scientific, and cannot stand.

Historical facts are the definition of standards and only “science”.If anyone says that the “science” he defines is the standard answer, which is not in line with historical and objective facts. It is irrational to quote such a so -called “standard” at will.

Professor Zhang Shuangnan is studying astronomy and physics. Professor Sun Xiaochun is also born in the Department of Astronomy. He is currently the dean of the School of Humanities of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.On the question of whether the “Yin and Yang Five Elements” is not scientific, the two have obvious differences.This is not because the “Yin and Yang Five Elements” is separated from the edge of science, but because the two of them have different understanding of science.In fact, the theoretical system behind the five elements of the yin and yang is completely different from the Western natural science system. From perspective to thinking mode to verification methods, it is very different.Professor Zhang completely used the perspective of Western natural sciences to examine the theory of yin and yang five elements born in China, and classified it as an alternative of science in the name of “science”, which is reasonable.But if it is only scientific to divide all disciplines by using the standards of Western natural sciences, it has obviously deviated from the world’s mainstream definition of “science”.

Professor Zhang Shuangnan uses the standard of “whether it is in line with quantitative, logical, and empirical” to evaluate whether physics or particle celestial physics is “scientific”. There is no problem.But if this standard is used to evaluate social sciences, then the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has to be renamed because it is not “scientific”!This obviously violates the objective facts, and it also violates the purpose of science. It is too irresponsible to popularize “science” to this step. It is too funny.

According to Professor Zhang’s standards,Those art, philosophy, research religion, etc.Professional students and professorsBoth have become non -scientificPeople in the circleBeEssenceSo, as the Humanities AcademyLong, andBundle“Yin and Yang Five Elements“DeepenscientificProfessor Sun, I’m afraidHas become a “non -scientific worker“Did you?

CASS Graduate School

张教授坚持自己的观点没有任何问题，但是，Ignore the differences in disciplines, and take the research method of “quantitative, logical, and empirical”. It is necessary to impose it to all disciplines and be tied with practice.Then impose this theory in the name of science to all disciplines, which is a big problem.Some dogma and paranoia have violated the scientific purpose and scientific spirit of Professor Zhang himself.Therefore, we have to chase the roots to trace the origin to face up.

haveprofessor ZhangThis idea is more than him.The 1999 edition of “Ci Hai” quietly tampered with the interpretation of “science” in principle, so that the term “science” changed from the original general meaning to a narrow sense, because this new explanation added “the use of the use of the use, theorem, the law, the law, the lawWait “such attributive.This has also promoted a considerable number of people’s misunderstanding of science.

In fact, even those who are engaged in natural science research like Professor Zhang Shuangnan do not agree with Professor Zhang’s point of view.At the scene of Professor Zhang’s speech, a colleague questioned Professor Zhang’s point of view, arguing that Professor Zhang’s point of view refers to the narrow sense of “science”.

My speech today, the title is “Science of Science”.The first “science” is the “science” that everyone usually understands.Although the facts are indeed, as Professor Zhang Shuangnan said in his speech, we “only know what is physics, mathematics, chemistry, creatures, and never tell me what is science.”Please think about it: Why have we never explained in our textbooks?Because since the new cultural movement, especially after 1949, the Chinese people’s understanding of the term “science” is already common sense, and common sense does not need to be explained.China does not explain what science is in textbooks from elementary school to universities. It is definitely not the negligence of the editor. Just because in China, each of us has a familiar definition of science.The influence of popular science propaganda is gradually formed.However, this is definitely not the “science” mentioned by Professor Zhang!Professor Zhang’s “popular science of science“, Right”science”In terms of common sense, there is no doubtIt is chaoticEssenceThe second “science” refers to the word “science”.

Everyone also felt that my speech today can also be said to be a debate with Professor Zhang Shuangnan about “what is science”.Looking back on the previous controversy of “science”, academic progress has been promoted.Of course, I dare not expect my speech to promote academic progress, but I sincerely hope that my speech content can promote people’s understanding of the common sense of “science”.